All human organs are throughput systems, transforming some input of mass, energy or information to a corresponding output. The inputs can be measured by their arrival rates before the organ, and the outputs can be measured by their departure rates from the organ. A prolonged excess of arrivals over departures produces congestion within the system, corresponding to overt disease of the system. Conversely, a prolonged equality of arrivals with departures produces a steady state within the system, either at low, normal, or high output rates. Finally, a prolonged excess of departures over arrivals produces a depleted system.
The ability of the system to tolerate increased input loads and/or increased resistance to output is a measure of the health of the system, while the formation of increased input waiting pools or decreased output departure pools is evidence of system throughput failure. Acute perturbation of steady state systems by measured pulses of increased loads or increased resistances can be used to measure the load-tolerance of the particular system, and can reveal a healthy reserve of function, an early decreased function in latent disease, or a full loss of function in overt disease. The response of a perturbed system is an acute activation of existing channels, or a chronic hypertrophy of added channels to system capacity. Conversely, decreased input loads and/or output resistances can result in acute inactivation of channels or chronic atrophy of channel capacity.
These human system responses exemplify the adaptability of human organ function in health and disease.
Frenster JH, "Analysis of Queueing and Renewal Within Human Systems", Nature 207, 1139-1140 (September 11, 1965).
1. Frenster JH, "Limits to Functional Hypertrophy in High-Output Failure", Annals of Internal Medicine 53, 647-655 (October, 1960).
2. Richards DW, "Homeostasis: Its Dislocations and Perturbations", Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 3, 238-251 (Winter, 1960).
3. Adolph EF, "Early Concepts of Physiological Regulations", Physiological Reviews 41, 737-770 (October, 1961).
4. Frenster JH, "Interaction of Load, Capacity, and Resistance in Body Processes", Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 4, 152-158 (Winter, 1961).
5. Conn JW, and Fajans SS, "The Prediabetic State: A Concept of Resistance to a Genetic Diabetogenic Influence", American Journal of Medicine 31, 839-850 (December, 1961).
6. Frenster JH, "The Magnitude of Disease as Measured by Tolerance Tests", Journal of Theoretical Biology 2, 159-164 (1962).
7. Zadeh LA, "From Circuit Theory to System Theory", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 50, 856-865 (May, 1962).
8. Boudreau PE, Griffin JS, and Kac M, "An Elementary Queueing Problem", American Mathematical Monthly 69, 713-724 (October, 1962).
9. Frenster JH, "Load Tolerance as a Quantitative Estimate of Health", Annals of Internal Medicine 57, 788-794 (November, 1962).
10. Jones RW and Gray JS, "System Theory and Physiological Processes", Science 140, 461-466 (May 3, 1963).
11. Jonas AD, "The Case for Theoretical Medicine", Journal of the American Medical Association 184, 1050-1051 (June 29, 1963).
13. Feinstein AR, "Boolean Algebra and Clinical Taxonomy: I. Analytic Synthesis of General Spectrum of a Human Disease", New England Journal of Medicine 269, 929 (October 31, 1963).
14. Frenster JH, "Human Throughput Systems", Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology 16, 164-165 (November 18, 1963).
15. Ellenberg M, "Clinical Concept of Prediabetes", New York State Journal of Medicine 64, 2885-2891 (December 1, 1964).
16. Siegel JH and Sonnenblick EH, "Quantification and Prediction of Myocardial Failure", Archives of Surgery 89, 1026-1036 (December, 1964).
17. Harvey NA, "Cybernetic Applications in Medicine: I. Medical Model-Making", New York State Journal of Medicine 65, 765-772 (March 15, 1965).
18. Harvey NA, "Cybernetic Applications in Medicine: II. Clarification of Concepts", New York State Journal of Medicine 65, 871-875 (April 1, 1965).
19. Shaw L, "System Theory", Science 149, 1005 (August 27, 1965).
20. Frenster JH, "Analysis of Queueing and Renewal Within Human Systems", Nature 207, 1139-1140 (September 11, 1965).
21a. Nooney GC, "Mathematical Models, Reality and Results", Journal of Theoretical Biology 9, 239-252 (1965).
21b. Herstein PR, and Frenster JH, "Mated Models of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes", 1972.
22. Frenster JH, "Medicine 275: Systems Analysis
of Latent Disease. A seminar series analyzing the concepts, methods,
and results which permit the early detection of disease in asymptomatic
patients".
Stanford University School of Medicine Catalog, 1972.
23. Frenster JH, "Analysis of Queueing and Renewal Systems in Hodgkin's Disease", 1975.
24. Frenster JH, "Teaching Physicians to Think Mathematically About Each of Their Patients' Problems", 1987.
25. Frenster JH, "Expert Systems and Open Systems in Medical Artificial Intelligence", 1989.
26. Frenster JH, "Matrix Cognition in Medical Decision-Making", 1989.
27. Frenster JH, "Clinical Freedoms within Proposed Medical Care Plans", 1991.
28. Frenster JH, "Risk Analysis within Proposed Medical Care Pans", 1992.
29. Frenster JH, "Tensor Analysis of Matrix Cognition During Medical Decision-Making", 1993.
30. Frenster JH, "Matrix Cognition and Spiritual Progress", 1998.
31. Frenster JH, "The Jury Process in Multi-Attribute Decision-Making", 1999.
32. Frenster JH, "The Educational Role of the Chromatin and Euchromatin Networks", 2000.
33. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, Tomlin KF, and Perkins CE, "Effect of a 6-Month Adherence to a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Program", Am. J. Med. vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 30-36 (July, 2002).
34. Findings and Recommendations from the American College of Endocrinology Conference on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Washington, DC, August 25-26, 2002.
35. Couzin J, "IOM Panel Weighs in on Diet and Health", Science vol. 297, no. 5588, pp. 1788-1790 (September 13, 2002).
36. Frenster JH, and Hovsepian JA, "RNA Feedback Mechanisms during Eukaryotic Gene Regulation", 2002.
37. Sandy LG, "Homeostasis without Reserve -- The Risk of Health System Collapse".
38. Ciliberto A, Novak B, and Tyson J J, "Mathematical model of the morphogenesis checkpoint in budding yeast".
39. Kreth G, Finsterle J, von Hase J, Cremer M, and Cremer C, "Radial Arrangement of Chromosome Territories in Human Cell Nuclei: A Computer Model Approach Based on Gene Density Indicates a Probabilistic Global Positioning Code".
40. Cui C, Yang X, Chuai M, Glazier JA, and Weijer CJ,
"Analysis of tissue
flow patterns during primitive streak formation in the chick embryo".
41. Suarez M, "The role of models in the application of scientific theories: epistemological implications".
42. Arianrhod R, "Einstein's Heroes: Imagining the World through the Lanuage of Mathematics".
Further Topics in: Euchromatin, active DNA, and RNA ribo-regulators:
Reviews and Research:
Links to
Euchromatin Activator RNA Reviews:
Links to
Euchromatin Activator RNA Research:
Links to Ultrastructural
Probes of DNase I-Sensitive Sites:
Links to
RNA as a Therapeutic Agent:
Links to Hodgkin Lymphoma
Immuno-Pathology:
Links to Activated
T-Lymphocyte Immunotherapy:
Links to Medical
Systems Biology:
"Ultrastructural
Probes of Active DNA Sites, and the RNA Activators of DNA".