John H. Frenster, M.D.
Department of Growth Physiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
Washington, D.C.
Disease may now be studied earlier in its course (2), or it may even be predicted before its onset (3). Objective evidence of the efficacy of therapy can be obtained by appropriate studies before and after treatment (4). The prospect exists of determining not only the presence, but also the magnitude of disease in a given subject (5). However, as techniques become more sensitive and disease is detected earlier, or if disease is of a lesser magnitude, the distinction between health and disease gradually becomes less well defined (1). This dilemma also creates the opportunity for a fuller understanding of the relation between health and disease.
Minimally diseased processes can be induced to reveal their abnormality
by application of increased loads or resistances to the action of the process.
Such load-output studies are the basis of the wide variety of tolerance
tests in clinical use today (5), (Table
1).
| Disease State | Test Load | Reference |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Glucose | (6) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | Venous Inflow | (7) |
| Galactosemia | Galactose | (8) |
| Adrenocortical Insufficiency | Water | (9) |
| Renal Tubular Acidosis | Ammonium Chloride | (10) |
| Malabsorption Syndrome | Xylose | (11) |
| Pernicious Anemia | Vitamin B12 | (12) |
| Chronic Hepatitis | Bromsulphalein | (13) |
| Phenylketonuria | Phenylalanine | (14) |
| Familial Hyperlipemia | Chylomicrons | (15) |
Thus, administration of a glucose load and of cortisone resistance to the utilization of glucose can reveal early or minimal diabetes that is not evident under basal conditions (3). Similarly, application of increased venous inflow loads or of aortic outflow resistances can reveal hemodynamic evidence of cardiac failure which is not obvious under basal conditions (7).
As the glucose load or cortisone dosage is progressively increased, an increasing percentage of subjects tested will respond with abnormal glucose utilization, manifested as significant hyperglycemia (16, 17). Similarly, as venous inflow load or aortic outflow resistance is progressively increased, a greater percentage of subjects will demonstrate hemodynamic signs of cardiac failure, manifested as significant elevation of end-diastolic pressure (7).
Thus, whereas patients with frank diabetes mellitus display significant hyperglycemia under basal conditions, and patients with minimal diabetes do so after a test load of 100 grams of glucose orally, patients with latent diabetes may not show significant hyperglycemia until after both glucose loading and pre-treatment with cortisone; healthy subjects may be resistant to even larger amounts of both glucose and cortisone (5). The ease with which significant hyperglycemia occurs under test conditions is a rough quantitative estimate of the severity of the diabetes.
A process being tested thus will fail to act upon all of the test load in a growing proportion of subjects tested, as the size of the test load and resistance applied is progressively increased.
The unit of body physiology may be considered to be the body process.
A process produces a transformation in some quantity of mass, energy, or
information supplied to the process as input load and leaving the process
as output (18). The body process is opposed in its action
by various resistances, both internal and external to the process. The
maximal rate of action of the process at any time is designated as the
available capacity of the process, which acts upon the input load while
overcoming the resistances to output. Examples of the input load, available
capacity, opposing resistances, and process output of diverse body processes
are listed in Table 2.
| Input Load | Process Capacity | Resistance
to Output |
Output | Ref. |
| Venous
Inflow |
Myocardial
Contractility |
Aortic
Pressure |
Cardiac
Output |
(19) |
| Plasma
Glucose |
Insulin-
Membrane Complex |
Insulin
Antagonists |
Cell Uptake
of Glucose |
(20) |
| Intestinal
Iron |
Appoferritin-
Mucosal Complex |
Intestinal
Iron Chelators |
Mucosal
Iron Absorption |
(21) |
| Arterial
CO2 |
Pulmonary
Bellows |
Airway
Friction |
CO2
Expiration |
(22) |
| Arterial
Acidosis |
Renal Tubular
Cell Cation Exchange |
Cell-Lumen
Cation Gradient |
Urinary
Acid Excretion |
(23) |
| Plasma
Bilirubin |
Hepatic
Conjugation and Villous Transfer |
Choledochal
Pressure |
Hepatic
Bilirubin Excretion |
(24) |
| Right
Ventricular Output |
Pulmonary
Vascular Volume |
Pulmonary
Peripheral Resistance |
Left Atrial
Inflow |
(25) |
| Intestinal B12 | Intrinsic Factor-
Epithelium Complex |
Intestinal B12
Antagonists |
Intestinal B12
Absorption |
(26) |
| Plasma
Chylomicrons |
Lipoprotein
Lipase-Adipose Cell Complex |
Very-Low
-Density Lipoproteins |
Adipose Cell
Uptake of Dietary Lipids |
(15) |
| Plasma and
Marrow Iron |
Marrow
Stem Cells |
Sinusoid
Pooling of Erythrocytes |
Marrow
Release of Erythrocytes |
(27) |
| Hepatic
Amino Acids |
Hepatic
Ribosome Sites |
Albumin-
Ribosome Complex |
Hepatic
Release of Albumin |
(28) |
| Ambient O2 | Pulmonary
Bellows |
Airway and
Membrane Friction |
Blood
Uptake of O2 |
(29) |
| Thyroidal
Organic Iodine |
Thyrotrophin-
Acinar Cell Complex |
Thyroidal
Inorganic Iodide |
Thyroidal
Release of Organic Iodine |
(30) |
| Adrenal
Cortisol Precursors |
Adrenocortico-
trophin-Cortical Cell Complex |
Inhibitors of
Adrenal Enzymes |
Adrenal
Release of Cortisol |
(31) |
| Bone Salts | Osteoid
Synthesis by Osteoblasts |
Osteoclastic
Bone Lysis |
Bone
Formation |
(32) |
The output of a body process is determined by the functional interaction of the available capacity of the process with the inflow load and outflow resistances (18) (Table 2). Process output is equal to that fraction of the imposed input load that is successfully acted upon by the process. Signals to the capacity from either the input load, the output, or from both input and output mediate self-regulation within the process (Table 2).
When input load and opposing resistances exceed available capacity,
the process fails to act upon all of the input presented to the process.
The stigmata of such failure are found in that residual fraction of input
load which is not acted upon by the process (Table 3).
| Disease State | Failing Process | Residual Load | Reference |
| Diabetes
Mellitus |
Glucose
Utilization |
Fasting Blood Glucose
>120 mg/100 ml |
(33) |
| Congestive
Heart Failure |
Blood
Propulsion |
Ventricular End-Diastolic
Pressure >10 mm Hg |
(7) |
| Respiratory
Acidosis |
Pulmonary
Ventilation |
Arterial (HCO3)-
>30 mEq/liter |
(22) |
| Renal
Azotemia |
Glomerular
Filtration |
Plasma Urea
>15 mg/100 ml |
(34) |
| Hepatic
Jaundice |
Bilirubin
Clearance |
Plasma Bilirubin
>1 mg/100 ml |
(35) |
| Pulmonary
Hypertension |
Pulmonary
Blood Flow |
Pulmonary Artery
Pressure >30 mm Hg |
(36) |
| Renal
Acidosis |
Tubular Acid
Exchange |
Blood pH <7.3 | (23) |
| Intestinal
Malabsorption |
Fat
Absorption |
Fecal Fat >5 gm/day | (37) |
| Hepatic
Coma |
Ammonia
Clearance |
Blood Ammonia
>100 ug/100 ml |
(38) |
| Gout | Uric Acid
Excretion |
Plasma Uric Acid
>6 mg/100 ml |
(39) |
The magnitude of such residual load is a quantitative measure of the failure or disease of the process (18).
Conversely, when available capacity exceeds input load and resistances,
the process has a degree of reserve or tolerance for higher input loads
or resistances (Table 4).
| Healthy Process | Test Inflow Tolerated | Reference |
| Glucose
Utilization |
25 g glucose I.V.
/70 kg/2 min |
(40) |
| Cardiac
Blood Propulsion |
1500 ml blood I.V.
/70 kg/hr |
(41) |
| Renal Acid
Excretion |
200 mEq Ammonium
Chloride /1.73m2/day |
(10) |
| Hepatic Bilirubin
Excretion |
250 mg Bilirubin I.V.
/70 kg/day |
(42) |
| Intestinal Fat
Absorption |
95 g Fat Orally
/70 kg/day |
(37) |
| Renal Ammonia
Clearance |
35 ug Ammmonia I.V.
/70 kg/min |
(43) |
| Galactose
Utilization |
20 g Galactose I.V.
/70kg/2 min |
(44) |
| Renal Sodium
Excretion |
13 g Sodium Chloride
Orally /70 kg/day |
(45) |
| Renal Calcium
Excretion |
15 mg Calcium Ion
/kg/4 hr |
(46) |
| Intravascular
Fat Clearance |
250 mg Triolein I.V.
/70 kg/5 min |
(47) |
The magnitude of such additional tolerated loads is a quantitative measure of the tolerance or health of the process (18).
Tolerance or failure of a body process is thus determined by the balance between process capacity and its applied loads and resistances. The balance can indicate process failure at either low or high levels of process output and performance (48). The state of health or disease within any body process is thus independent of any absolute value of body process output and is determined, rather, in a relative way, reflecting the balance of capacity with load and resistance.
The initiation of a relativist phase of clinical physiology has been predicted for a long time (49), but has occurred only recently (48, 50).
As the load and resistance applied to a process are progressively increased, or as process capacity is progressively decreased, a gradual decrease in tolerance for additional loads results. Eventually a transition from tolerance to failure in acting upon existing loads occurs, followed by a gradual increase in failure (7). The decrease in process health and the gradual increase in process disease is thus a gradual movement along a continuum of values representing the changing balance between process capacity and applied loads and resistances; it is not a sudden discrete jump from one distinct value of health to another of disease (1). The evolution of acquired disease thus follows a continuous progressive course rather than a discontinuous quantal series within body processes.
Even in those diseases associated with the introduction into the patient of a unique system of foreign "information" (51), such as microorganisms, viruses, or antigens, the evolution of the resulting disease follows a gradual movement along a continuum of values representing the balance between the load of dose or virulence of the foreign system introduced and the capacity of those body processes which neutralize or inhibit such loads.
The significance of disease as a continuum is that precursor states
of disease are necessarily present in a process before the clinical onset
of disease. Increasingly sensitive diagnostic techniques may be able to
detect these precursor states and may assist greatly in providing earlier
and more opportune therapy or even prevention.
Measurement of Health
A definition of health, while acknowledging the contrast with disease (52, 53), should be expressed in terms independent of disease. The concept of health as a tolerance for additional loads seems to provide such terms; it has the further advantage of being capable of quantitation.
The measurement of load tolerance in a given process is based upon
an analysis of the changes in process output that follow from a measured
increase in input load or resistance to capacity (54).
Generally, resistance to capacity is more difficult to quantitate than
input load. As a consequence, the usual technique in clinical tolerance
testing has been to apply a standard or increasing input load to the process
in question (5) (Table 1). The stigmata
of failure in tolerance tests are identical to those determined previously
for body processes in the basal state (Table 3), and
they are values which are statistically significant in comparison with
normal body proceses. Increases in input load to the point of process failure
are not required, except when determining maximal tolerance. Load tolerance
has been estimated in many body processes (Table 4),
and its quantitation seems to be possible in additional processes (Table
5).
| Disease State | Failing Process | Residual Inflow
Load |
Ref. |
| Atherosclerosis | Lipid Clearance
from Arterial Wall |
Arterial Wall
Lipidosis |
(55) |
| Thrombo-
embolism |
Intravascular
Fibrinolysis |
Vascular
Fibrin Clot |
(56) |
| Peptic Ulcer | Inhibition of
Gastric Secretion |
Gastric
Hyperacidity |
(57) |
| Hypertension | Reactive
Vasodepression |
Arterial
Hypertension |
(58) |
| Obesity | Caloric
Dissipation |
Positive
Caloric Balance |
(59) |
| Bronchial
Infection |
Cilial Clearance
of Bacteria |
Bronchial
Bacteria |
(60) |
| Viremia | Immune Clearance
of Viremia |
Infectious
Virus Titer |
(61) |
| Malaria | R-E System
Clearance of Parasites |
Parasitized
Erythrocytes |
(62) |
| Hyperpyrexia | Skin Dissipation
of Heat |
Hyperthermia | (63) |
The quantitation of health promises to yield valuable data on the earliest onset of disease, on the variability of healthy individuals, and on the efficacy of prophylactic measures before the clinical onset of disease. The concept of load tolerance, derived from the throughput-interaction model of body processes (Table 2), suggests that biological systems may be studied in ways analogous to those used in other disciplines (64) for the examination of behavior varying with time.
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No Abstract RECENT REVISIONS IN BASIC AND ADVANCED COURSES IN PUBLIC
HEALTH OFFERED IN TORONTO.
Can J Public Health. 1964 Oct;55:435-44. No abstract available.
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Abstract Type-specific associations of human papillomavirus load
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Free Full Text Cynical hostility, socioeconomic position, health
behaviors, and symptom load: a cross-sectional analysis in a Danish population-based
study.
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No Abstract PHYSICAL HEALTH AND PHYSICAL DISEASE AS OBJECTIVE FACT
AND SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE.
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No Abstract Interaction of load, capacity, and resistance in body
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Free Full Text Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, carbohydrate
and fiber intake, and measures of insulin sensitivity, secretion, and adiposity
in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.
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No Abstract [PRESSURE AND VOLUME LOAD IN THE HUMAN HEART.]
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No Abstract [THE LOAD CAPACITY OF THE BLOOD CIRCULATION IN OLDER
PEOPLE.]
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No Abstract [EFFECT ON THE ELECTROMYOGRAM OF VARIATION OF FACTORS
DEFINING THE MOMENT OF DISPLACED LOAD.]
J Physiol (Paris). 1964 May-Jun;56:303-4. French. No abstract available.
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KYLE GC, YALCIN S, DREWYER R, CARRUTHERS B.
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No Abstract THE PREDNISOLONE GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST IN PREGNANCY.
Diabetes. 1964 Nov-Dec;13:572-8. No abstract available.
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Eaton SB, Eaton SB.
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Abstract An evolutionary perspective on human physical activity:
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Abstract [Use of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation
III in evaluating prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in
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Abstract Minimally supervised home rehabilitation improves exercise
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Abstract Coping with disasters: estimation of additional capacity
of the mental health sector to meet extended service demands.
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Lee WC, Zhang M, Mak AF.
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Abstract Regional differences in pain threshold and tolerance of
the transtibial residual limb: including the effects of age and interface
material.
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Abstract Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate health
risks attributable to water supply: can the technique be applied in developing
countries with limited data?
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No Abstract [RHYTHM AND YOUTH.]
Scalpel (Brux). 1964 Jul 11;117:593-600. French. No abstract available.
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Forsbach-Sanchez G, Gonzalez-Obele E, Villanueva-Cuellar MA, Tamez
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Abstract [Impact of the new criteria for the diagnosis of gestational
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Rev Invest Clin. 2003 Sep-Oct;55(5):507-10. Spanish.
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MILLAR GJ, JAQUES LB.
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No Abstract Teaching of quantitative physiology.
J Med Educ. 1960 May;35:398-403. No abstract available.
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STAUB NC, MERRILL IR.
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No Abstract TELEVISION IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION: MEASURING ACHIEVEMENT
IN SCIENCE REASONING ABOUT PHYSIOLOGY.
J Med Educ. 1963 Oct;38:813-9. No abstract available.
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LEWIS JA, NICHOLLS DM, TROOP VL, KIM OS.
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No Abstract CATION LOAD AND RENAL FUNCTION IN HYPERTENSION.
Med Serv J Can. 1965 Jan;21:59-63. No abstract available.
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No Abstract [EFFECT OF VARIOUS DRINKING PATTERNS ON DIURESIS UNDER
THE CONDITION OF HIGH AIR TEMPERATURE AND PHYSICAL LOAD.]
Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova. 1963 Oct;49:1249-53. Russian. No
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Dzodic V, Hervy S, Fritsch D, Khalfallah H, Thereau M, Thomas SR.
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Shakir YA, Samsioe G, Nerbrand C, Lidfeldt J; Women's Health in
the Lund Area study.
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Abstract Combined hormone therapy in postmenopausal women with features
of metabolic syndrome. Results from a population-based study of Swedish
women: Women's Health in the Lund Area study.
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Gessoni G, Barin P, Valverde S, Giacomini A, Di Natale C, Orlandini
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Abstract Biological qualification of blood units: considerations
about the effects of sample's handling and storage on stability of nucleic
acids.
Transfus Apher Sci. 2004 Jun;30(3):197-203.
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Hsieh CB, Tzao C, Yu CY, Chen CJ, Chang WK, Chu CH, Chou SJ, Tung
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Abstract APACHE II score and primary liver cancer history had risk
of hospital mortality in patients with pyogenic liver abscess.
Dig Liver Dis. 2006 Jul;38(7):498-502. Epub 2006 May 15.
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PERINI A, CAPELLI F, MORBELLI E, MASCARETTI L, COVA N.
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No Abstract ["DIGITALIS-INDUCED DIURESIS". BEHAVIOR OF RENAL CLEARANCE
UNDER DIGITALIS LOAD IN HEART DISEASE PATIENTS.]
Folia Cardiol. 1964 Nov-Dec;23:527-38. Italian. No abstract available.
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Costa G.
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Free Full Text Multidimensional aspects related to shiftworkers'
health and well-being.
Rev Saude Publica. 2004 Dec;38 Suppl:86-91. Epub 2004 Dec 13.
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FREUND M.
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No Abstract EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF EMISSION ON SEMEN OUTPUT AND
AN ESTIMATE OF DAILY SPERM PRODUCTION IN MAN.
J Reprod Fertil. 1963 Oct;6:269-85. No abstract available.
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Oikonomou P, Mademtzis I, Messinis I, Tsezou A.
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Abstract Quantitative determination of human telomerase reverse
transcriptase messenger RNA expression in premalignant cervical lesions
and correlation with human papillomavirus load.
Hum Pathol. 2006 Feb;37(2):135-42. Epub 2005 Dec 27.
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Tremblay S, Dahinten S, Kohen D.
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Abstract Factors related to adolescents' self-perceived health.
Health Rep. 2003;14 Suppl:7-16.
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Aronna A.
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Free Full Text [Evaluation of a social policy program: the Maternal
and Child Health and Nutrition Program]
Cad Saude Publica. 2006 Feb;22(2):335-45. Epub 2006 Feb 20. Spanish.
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No Abstract [Comparison of maximal physical load tolerance in rescuers
working with insulation respiratory devices using air and oxygen-helium
mixture]
Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2003;(12):38-9. Russian. No abstract available.
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DILL DB, ROBINSON S, BALKE B, NEWTON JL.
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No Abstract WORK TOLERANCE: AGE AND ALTITUDE.
J Appl Physiol. 1964 May;19:483-8. No abstract available.
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Pretet JL, Dalstein V, Monnier-Benoit S, Delpeut S, Mougin C.
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Abstract High risk HPV load estimated by Hybrid Capture II correlates
with HPV16 load measured by real-time PCR in cervical smears of HPV16-infected
women.
J Clin Virol. 2004 Oct;31(2):140-7.
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TRONNIER H, SCHUSTER G, MODDE H.
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No Abstract [RELATIONS BETWEEN CLEANING EFFECT AND SKIN TOLERANCE
OF ANION-ACTIVE DETERGENTS.]
Arch Klin Exp Dermatol. 1965 Jan 13;221:232-49. German. No abstract
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DILL DB, ROBINSON S, NEWTON JL.
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No Abstract WORK TOLERANCE: AGE AND ALTITUDE. REP 63-33.
Rep Civ Aeromed Res Inst US. 1963 Dec;126:1-8. No abstract available.
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SAITO H.
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No Abstract [ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LOAD OF WORKERS UNDER PROCESS-AUTOMATION
FROM VIEW-POINT OF ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM.]
Rodo Kagaku. 1963 Nov;39:535-50. Japanese. No abstract available.
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Glick BR.
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Abstract Metabolic load and heterologous gene expression.
Biotechnol Adv. 1995;13(2):247-61.
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Mizoue T, Yamaji T, Tabata S, Yamaguchi K, Ogawa S, Mineshita M,
Kono S.
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Free Full Text Dietary patterns and glucose tolerance abnormalities
in Japanese men.
J Nutr. 2006 May;136(5):1352-8.
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Wiegand S, Maikowski U, Blankenstein O, Biebermann H, Tarnow P,
Gruters A.
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Free Full Text Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in
European children and adolescents with obesity -- a problem that is no
longer restricted to minority groups.
Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Aug;151(2):199-206.
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LUEHR K.
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No Abstract [THE OUTCOME OF DIABETES AT THE HEALTH RESORT.]
Ther Ggw. 1964 Jan;103:96-100. German. No abstract available.
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Eysenbach G, Kohler Ch.
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Free in PMC What is the prevalence of health-related searches on
the World Wide Web? Qualitative and quantitative analysis of search engine
queries on the internet.
AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2003;:225-9.
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Bounelis P, Benos D.
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No Abstract NIH funding trends in physiology.
Physiologist. 2006 Apr;49(2):129-32. No abstract available.
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Mammen M, Buga GA, Iputo JE.
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Free Full Text Glucose tolerance in rural women with pre-eclampsia.
S Afr Med J. 2005 Dec;95(12):955-8.
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Adam JM, Tarigan NP.
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Abstract Comparison of The World Health Organization (WHO) two-step
strategy and OGTT for diabetes mellitus screening.
Acta Med Indones. 2004 Jan-Mar;36(1):3-7.
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Smith BJ, Zehle K, Bauman AE, Chau J, Hawkshaw B, Frost S, Thomas
M.
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Abstract Quantitative methods used in Australian health promotion
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Health Promot J Austr. 2006 Apr;17(1):32-6. Review.
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SINCLAIR WM.
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No Abstract VARIOUS STIMULI AS THEY AFFECT LEARNING AND PUBLIC HEALTH.
Med Serv J Can. 1963 Jul-Aug;19:499-523. No abstract available.
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MOORHOUSE JA, GRAHAME GR, ROSEN NJ.
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No Abstract RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND
THE FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN HEALTHY AND IN DIABETIC SUBJECTS.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1964 Feb;24:145-59. No abstract available.
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Prasad KN, Cole WC, Hasse GM.
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Free Full Text Health risks of low dose ionizing radiation in humans:
a review.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004 May;229(5):378-82. Review.
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IAMPIETRO PF, GOLDMEN RF.
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No Abstract TOLERANCE OF MAN WORKING IN HOT, HUMID ENVIRONMENTS.
J Appl Physiol. 1965 Jan;20:73-6. No abstract available.
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Lau C, Faerch K, Glumer C, Tetens I, Pedersen O, Carstensen B, Jorgensen
T, Borch-Johnsen K; Inter99 study.
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Free Full Text Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, fiber, simple
sugars, and insulin resistance: the Inter99 study.
Diabetes Care. 2005 Jun;28(6):1397-403. Erratum in: Diabetes Care.
2005 Sep;28(9):2340-1.
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Katki HA, Engels EA, Rosenberg PS.
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Abstract Assessing uncertainty in reference intervals via tolerance
intervals: application to a mixed model describing HIV infection.
Stat Med. 2005 Oct 30;24(20):3185-98.
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Christofides NJ, Jewkes RK, Webster N, Penn-Kekana L, Abrahams N,
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Free Full Text "Other patients are really in need of medical attention"--the
quality of health services for rape survivors in South Africa.
Bull World Health Organ. 2005 Jul;83(7):495-502.
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Lee TH, Chafets DM, Busch MP, Murphy EL.
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Abstract Quantitation of HTLV-I and II proviral load using real-time
quantitative PCR with SYBR Green chemistry.
J Clin Virol. 2004 Dec;31(4):275-82.
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Fafi-Kremer S, Brengel-Pesce K, Bargues G, Bourgeat MJ, Genoulaz
O, Seigneurin JM, Morand P.
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Abstract Assessment of automated DNA extraction coupled with real-time
PCR for measuring Epstein-Barr virus load in whole blood, peripheral mononuclear
cells and plasma.
J Clin Virol. 2004 Jun;30(2):157-64.
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Mustafina GKh, Simonova NI, Galimov AR, Kaibyshev VT.
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Abstract [Intensity of occupational load and work tension of surgeons]
Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2005;(7):7-14. Russian.
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Diffey BL.
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Abstract A quantitative estimate of melanoma mortality from ultraviolet
A sunbed use in the U.K.
Br J Dermatol. 2003 Sep;149(3):578-81.
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Raboud JM, Abdurrahman ZB, Major C, Millson P, Robinson G, Rachlis
A, Bayoumi AM.
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Abstract Nonfinancial factors associated with decreased plasma viral
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J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Jul 1;39(3):327-32.
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Kogi K.
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Abstract Improving shift workers' health and tolerance to shiftwork:
recent advances.
Appl Ergon. 1996 Feb;27(1):5-8.
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SO CS, BLOEMER H.
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No Abstract [THE SIGNS OF RIGHT AND LEFT HYPERTROPHY IN THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRESSURE AND VOLUME LOAD.]
Med Klin. 1964 Apr 3;59:569-73. German. No abstract available.
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Cook DL, Mejino JL, Rosse C.
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Abstract Evolution of a Foundational Model of Physiology: symbolic
representation for functional bioinformatics.
Medinfo. 2004;11(Pt 1):336-40.
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Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, McNair DS, Malila FM, Shaffer VL.
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Abstract Intensive care unit length of stay: Benchmarking based
on Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV.
Crit Care Med. 2006 Oct;34(10):2517-29.
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Dechow CD, Rogers GW, Sander-Nielsen U, Klei L, Lawlor TJ, Clay
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Free Full Text Correlations among body condition scores from various
sources, dairy form, and cow health from the United States and Denmark.
J Dairy Sci. 2004 Oct;87(10):3526-33.
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Watari T, Ono A, Ishii Y, Zhenli H, Miyake S, Tsuchiya T.
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Abstract Development of an apparatus to control load by electromagnet
for a motility system in vitro.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;538:111-8; discussion 118.
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